Class 12th CBSE Commerce

Course Description

The syllabus emphasizes the preparation of financial statements, partnership accounts, company accounts, and accounting for non-profit organizations. It also focuses on computerized accounting and provides a strong foundation for professional accounting courses.

What You’ll Learn From This Course

1. Accountancy

Part A: Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organizations, Partnership Firms, and Companies

• Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organizations:
  • Features, receipts and payments account, income and expenditure account, and balance sheet.
  • Adjustments related to subscriptions, donations, and legacies.
• Accounting for Partnership Firms:
  • Fundamentals of partnership: Fixed and fluctuating capital, profit-sharing ratio, partners’ capital accounts.
  • Goodwill: Nature, factors affecting valuation, methods of valuation.
  • Reconstitution of a partnership firm: Change in profit-sharing ratio, admission of a new partner, retirement, and death of a partner.
  • Dissolution of a partnership firm: Settlement of accounts, preparation of realization account, and capital accounts.
• Accounting for Companies:
  • Accounting for Share Capital: Features of a company, types of shares, accounting for the issue and redemption of shares.
  • Accounting for Debentures: Issue, redemption, treatment of discount and premium, interest on debentures.

Part B: Financial Statement Analysis

• Analysis of Financial Statements:
  • Objectives, importance, and limitations of financial statements.
  • Comparative and common-size statements.
• Accounting Ratios:
  • Types of ratios: Liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, activity ratios, and profitability ratios.
• Cash Flow Statement:
  • Preparation of a cash flow statement based on operating, investing, and financing activities.

Part C: Project Work

• Students are required to prepare a project report on topics such as partnership firms, company accounts, or financial analysis.

2. Business Studies (Class 12)

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

• Nature and Significance of Management:
  • Meaning, characteristics, objectives, and importance of management.
• Principles of Management:
  • Principles of Henry Fayol and F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management.
• Business Environment:
  • Dimensions of the business environment and its impact on business decisions.
• Planning:
  • Importance, types of plans, steps in the planning process.
• Organizing:
  • Organizational structure, delegation, decentralization.
• Staffing:
  • Recruitment, selection, training, and development.
• Directing:
  • Elements of directing: Supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication.
• Controlling:
  • Process of controlling, types of control techniques (budgetary control, break-even analysis).

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

• Financial Management:
  • Objectives, financial decisions (investment, financing, and dividend decisions).
  • Capital structure, factors affecting capital structure.
  • Working capital: Meaning, types, and factors affecting working capital.
• Financial Markets:
  • Functions of financial markets, types of financial markets: Money market and capital market.
  • Stock exchange: Functions, trading procedures, and SEBI regulations.
• Marketing Management:
  • Marketing concepts, marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion).
  • Product life cycle, branding, packaging, and labeling.
• Consumer Protection:
  • Consumer rights and responsibilities.
  • Redressal mechanism under Consumer Protection Act 1986.

Project Work:

• Students are required to conduct research and present a project report on a business topic such as marketing strategies, financial management, or consumer protection.

3. Economics (Class 12)

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

• National Income and Related Aggregates:
  • Basic concepts of national income, methods of calculating national income (GDP, GNP, NNP), and related aggregates.
• Money and Banking:
  • Functions of money, the money supply, and the role of the central bank.
  • Functions of commercial banks, credit creation process.
• Determination of Income and Employment:
  • Aggregate demand, aggregate supply, propensity to consume, propensity to save.
  • Equilibrium level of income, investment multiplier, and determination of income.
• Government Budget and the Economy:
  • Government budget: Objectives, types, and components of the budget.
  • Fiscal policy and its impact on the economy.
• Balance of Payments:
  • Balance of payments accounts, foreign exchange rate, types of exchange rates, and the role of foreign exchange markets.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

• Development Experience (1947-1990) and Economic Reforms since 1991:
  • Indian economy at the time of independence.
  • Five-year plans, mixed economy model, and economic reforms of 1991 (liberalization, privatization, and globalization).
• Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy:
  • Poverty, unemployment, infrastructure, sustainable development, and environmental challenges.
• Human Capital Formation in India:
  • Role of education, health, and skill development in human capital formation.
• Rural Development:
  • Agricultural marketing, rural credit, and role of cooperatives in rural development.
• Employment:
  • Types of unemployment, employment trends, and growth in different sectors.
• Environment and Sustainable Development:
  • Relationship between the environment and the economy.
  • Concepts of sustainable development and measures to control environmental degradation.

Project Work

• Students are required to conduct a detailed study on one of the economic issues (such as poverty, rural development, or environmental sustainability) and submit a project report.

4. English (Compulsory)

• Reading Comprehension: Unseen passages and note-making.
• Writing Skills: Business letters, articles, reports, speeches, and advertisements.
• Literature: Prose and poetry from the CBSE-prescribed textbook.